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Syllabus
Chemistry
Physical chemistry
General topics: The concept of
atoms and molecules; Dalton's atomic theory; Mole concept;
Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations
(based on mole concept) involving common oxidation-reduction,
neutralisation, and displacement reactions; Concentration
in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.
Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute
scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation
from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory
of gases, average, root mean square and most probable
velocities and their relation with temperature; Law
of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of
gases.
Atomic structure and chemical bonding:
Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers;
Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty
principle; Quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom
(qualitative treatment), shapes of s, p and d orbitals;
Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic
number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli's exclusion principle
and Hund's rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond;
Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital
energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen
bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative
aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear,
angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square
pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).
Energetics: First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy,
work and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess's
law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; Second
law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion
of spontaneity.
Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass
action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle
(effect of concentration, temperature and pressure);
Significance of DG and DGo in chemical
equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect,
pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and
Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.
Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells and cell reactions;
Electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its relation
to DG; Electrochemical series,
emf of galvanic cells; Faraday's laws of electrolysis;
Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar
conductance, Kohlrausch's law; Concentration cells.
Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical
reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First
order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant
(Arrhenius equation).
Solid state: Classification of
solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell
parameters a, b, c, a, b, g), close packed
structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and
hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple
ionic compounds, point defects.
Solutions: Raoult's law; Molecular
weight determination from lowering of vapor pressure,
elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing
point.
Surface chemistry: Elementary concepts
of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids:
types, methods of preparation and general properties;
Elementary ideas of emulsions, surfactants and micelles
(only definitions and examples).
Nuclear chemistry: Radioactivity:
isotopes and isobars; Properties of a, b and g rays; Kinetics
of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon
dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron
ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions.
Inorganic Chemistry
Isolation/preparation and properties of the following non-metals:
Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur
and halogens; Properties of allotropes of carbon (only
diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur.
Preparation and properties of the following compounds: Oxides,
peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides
and sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium;
Boron: diborane, boric acid and borax; Aluminium: alumina,
aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides and oxyacid
(carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon
carbide; Nitrogen: oxides, oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus:
oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid)
and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone and hydrogen peroxide;
Sulphur: hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid,
sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic
acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder;
Xenon fluorides; Fertilizers: commercially available
(common) NPK type.
Transition elements (3d series): Definition,
general characteristics, oxidation states and their
stabilities, colour (excluding the details of electronic
transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment;
Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear
coordination compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms,
hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination
compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral).
Preparation and properties of the following compounds: Oxides
and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and
sulphates of Fe2+,
Cu2+ and Zn2+; Potassium
permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver
nitrate, silver thiosulphate.
Ores and minerals: Commonly occurring
ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc and silver.
Extractive metallurgy: Chemical
principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded);
Carbon reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction
method (copper and lead); Electrolytic reduction method
(magnesium and aluminium); Cyanide process (silver and
gold).
Principles of qualitative analysis:
Groups I to V (only Ag+, Hg2+,
Cu2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Fe3+,
Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+,
Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and
Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding
fluoride), sulphate, sulphide and sulphite.
Organic Chemistry
Concepts: Hybridisation of carbon; Sigma and pi-bonds; Shapes
of molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism;
Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two
asymmetric centers, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature
excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds
(only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional
compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman
projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enol
tautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular
formula of simple compounds (only combustion method);
Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical
properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive
and resonance effects on acidity and basicity of organic
acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl
halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic
and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure
and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes: Homologous
series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points,
boiling points and density); Combustion and halogenation
of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction
and decarboxylation reactions.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes:
Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling
points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes;
Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding
the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions
of alkenes with KMnO4 and
ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation
of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic
addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX and H2O
(X=halogen); Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal
acetylides.
Reactions of benzene: Structure
and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions:
halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts
alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, m-
and p-directing groups in monosubstituted
benzenes.
Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation,
nitration and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction,
Kolbe reaction.
Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned
above): Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of
alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic
substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration
and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides,
ZnCl2/conc.-HCl,
conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Aldehydes
and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone
formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro
reaction; haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition
reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic acids: formation
of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis;
Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic
amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with
nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts
of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions
of diazonium salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes:
nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and
substituted haloarenes - (excluding Benzyne mechanism
and Cine substitution).
Carbohydrates: Classification; mono and di-saccharides (glucose
and sucrose); Oxidation, reduction, glycoside formation
and hydrolysis of sucrose.
Amino acids and peptides: General
structure (only primary structure for peptides) and
physical properties.
Properties and uses of some important
polymers: Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon
and PVC.
Practical organic chemistry: Detection
of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification
of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic
and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl,
amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional
organic compounds from binary mixtures
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